Whatever4 wrote:
I know that in many schools, this stuff is still being done that way, but the method has been proclaimed obsolete by linguists, psychologists and ... mathematicians for 53 years.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformational_grammarPure immediate constituent analysis without any reference to function and word class, that is.
The main problems with ICAN (my heart-felt apologies to anyone involved with computer network servers):
- it creates relationships and associations where none exist and the function in the sentence is clearly different: in "I go to New York" versus "I told a fairy tale to the children" the to-phrases are supposed to be similar if not identical.
- it hides the fact that phrases may be similar or different in construction, on the basis of the simple fact that they can replace each other as immediate constituent and perform the same function. Not too many examples in English (but think of "she's easy to please" versus "she is eager to please" and "
He can help, surely" versus "He's done more than
he can help") - but there are more examples in languages with case (Latin "amor dei" - even the standard English translation "love of God" is potentially ambiguous) and strangely, in languages where case is obsolescent, i.e. only exists in pronouns and is combined with fixed word order (a Dutch christmas carrol contains a sentence which may mean "Mary bore a child that night", "Mary liked that night very much" and "Mary pleased everybody that night" - intentional tri-ambiguity, of course).
Transformational grammar tries to solve the apparent one-layer problem by using standard transformations. The problems above can all be solved by transforming or trying to transform the sentence into a passive or a negative:
- she is pleased easily versus she is eager to be sure that people be pleased by her
- we are loved by God versus God is loved by us (amor dei)
- He cannot help surely (possible sentence) versus He's done more than he cannot help (impossible sentence - it would be treated as a double negative)
The first problem is a bit more complex. The passive of the second sentence naturally yields "The children were told a fairy tale (by me)" but the first sentence gets us two possible sentences: "New York is gone to" (dubious sentence, but in any case different from the first one because "to" was not dropped) and ""New York is gone". To know that the latter is not the correct transformation, meaning must be introduced.
But it is not only meaning, it is also rules of good grammar. Most ICAN enthusiasts were convinced that there should be no rules, and grammar should only interpret what was being said or written in the real world. Transformationalists claimed that what was being actually said and written, was usually incorrect AND FELT TO BE SO by the very people saying and writing it if they reflected on it (er, finally something that is not off topic in talking about birfers).
Basically, these diagrams require a lot of specialized effort, without ensuring that students or pupils will uncover the full grammatical "meaning" of the sentence.
I am sure many people here will recognize the name of the linguist who attacked ICAN in 1957. It is Noam Chomsky.